Quantum Initiatives Worldwide 2025

Australia

Australia has invested AU$130 million through federal funding for the development on quantum technologies [2]. As announced in Budget 2023, Australia is investing another AU$101.2 million over next 5 years from the government’s $1 billion critical technology fund to support a new national quantum strategy [3].

In 2017, two new quantum-focused Centres of Excellence were established as five-year programs. The first centre is FLEET (Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies) located in Monash University and the second centre is Exciton Science located in the University of Melbourne [4].

Australia has made significant progress in increasing the public profile of quantum technology, with CQC2T (Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology) Director Professor Michelle Simmons named as Australian of the Year for 2018 [2].

The EQUS (Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems) was set up to conduct world-leading research to exploit the potential of quantum science and develop a range of transformational technologies [5].

As per the Australian government resources, the total estimate of Australian public investment in quantum technologies until Jan 2024 stands at AU$893 million which is approximately $582 million.  The University of Queensland secured more than AU$29 million through the Queensland Quantum and Advanced Technologies Strategy to lead quantum evolution with 10 new projects in Australia. Total investment in Australia stands at $625 million by the end of 2024. [5] Albanese Government invests additional AU$60 million in Australian innovation to give Defence a technological edge[5].

Austria

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a strong negative economic crisis worldwide, Austria included. The Austrian government has recognised that during these times it is important to invest in research and development. As such, in an attempt to bounce back economically and to prevent Austria from falling behind globally, the Austrian federal government, under the leadership of the Federal Ministry of Science, Education and Research is now investing 107m € into quantum research and quantum computing [6].

Brazil

Brazilian Company for Industrial Research and Innovation (Embrapii) intends to create a Competence Center in Quantum Technologies in Brazil with an initial investment of BRL60 million ($12 million) announced from Future of Industry initiative [7].

Canada

Canada is considered one of the world’s leading nations in quantum research. It has invested more than $1 billion in quantum research over the past decade [8].

Canada has a growing private sector impact, outstanding research expertise, and extensive government commitments to innovation. This places the country in a very strong position to drive quantum technology development [8].

According to a 2015 evaluation of worldwide quantum research efforts, Canada was ranked 5th globally in total annual expenditures on quantum science [9].

As of April 2021, a further $360 million investment to launch a National Quantum Strategy was announced by the Canadian Government [10]. Quantum Algorithms Institute will receive $2.2 million from the Canadian Government to accelerate innovation and commercialisation in quantum technologies [11]. An additional federal investment of $40 million was announced to enable Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc. to build and commercialize the world’s first photonic-based, fault-tolerant quantum computer [12].

China

China is believed to be one of the leading nations in quantum information science, as the country began investing in quantum research and development very early on, by the end of the 90s.

Over the past two decades, quantum information science has received significant recognition in China, as the First Prize of National Natural Science of China in 2013 and 2015 has been awarded to this field.

By 2030, China aims to have expanded its national quantum communications infrastructure, developed a general quantum computer prototype, and constructed a practical quantum simulator. It is estimated that the Chinese government has invested around $15 billion in quantum technologies, however this figure has not been officially confirmed [13].

Denmark

Innovation Fund Denmark invested 80 million DKK ($12 million) in the Quantum Innovation Centre -Qubiz involving three universities: the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark, DTU and Aarhus University [14]. Innovation Fund Denmark also funded FIRE-Q (Field-Ready single-photon Quantum technology) with 17.8 million DKK ($2.6 million) and Crypt Q with 22.5 million DKK ($3.3 million) to develop technology for secure quantum communication [15].

University of Copenhagen have received 108.6 million DKK ($16 million) from the Novo Nordisk Foundation to develop and use quantum simulators to develop new drugs [16]. In addition, Novo Nordisk Foundation in collaboration with the University of Copenhagen has established a new quantum computing programme and awarded a grant of DKK1.5 billion (US $200 million) to build Denmark’s first fully functional quantum computer [17].

With the launch of the new national strategy, Denmark seeks to maintain a long-term focus on quantum research and innovation to solidify the country’s leadership position within quantum technology. As part of the research strategy, the Danish government intends to spend a billion DKK to strengthen quantum research and innovation over the next five years [18].

In close collaboration with ATOM Computing and Invest in Denmark, EIFO announced an investment of 70 million DKK aligned to the national strategy of the Danish government to become a centre for international quantum technology [19].

Europe

Around a hundred years after the publication of revolutionary ideas from Einstein, Schrödinger, and others, Europe still retains the largest share in academic quantum output [20].

The European Commission allocated 1 billion € of funding over 10 years to launch the  European Quantum Flagship [21] in 2018.

Its main aim is to “consolidate and expand European scientific leadership and excellence in this research area in order to kick-start a European industry in quantum technology”.

The official Flagship document has been endorsed by over 3500 representatives from academia and industry, calling on the EC to invest in QT as a core future technology. The Quantum Flagship’s new Coordination and Support Action (QUCATS) will foster an open and inclusive ecosystem at the European and international levels, to contribute to the development of QT benchmarks and standards, and to step-up training and education of a quantum aware workforce [22].

Quantum Flagship projects create and develop technologies for downstream activities, like the deployment of quantum computers and simulators in European High-Performance computing (EuroHPC) or the deployment of a quantum key distribution (QKD) infrastructure in the European quantum communication infrastructure (EuroQCI) initiatives.

Under EuroHPC initiative, the first European quantum computers will be hosted across six sites in Europe: in Czechia, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, and Poland [23]. The total planned investment for this initiative is over €100 million with participation from 17 European countries.

The EuroQCI initiative was launched in 2019 by the European Commission and all 27 Member States and it will build a secure quantum communication infrastructure spanning the whole EU, including its overseas territories [24].

Under the Digital Europe Programme of the European Commission, two workforce development initiatives DigiQ (Digitally Enhanced Quantum Technology Master) and QTIndu(Quantum Technology Courses for Industry) are funded to address the growing needs of quantum-ready workforce [25].

Finland

The government of Finland has granted a project of 20.7 million € funding to VTT and IQM to build its first Quantum Computer [26]. This is in addition to a raise of 3.3 million € from Business Finland, government organization for innovation funding.

France

France has been investing 60 million € in quantum technologies every year. The French government recently launched a a plan to structure a national strategy for quantum technologies, and estimated they would require 1.4 billion € over the next five years to fund quantum research. They declared that the public sector alone cannot support this, and that the private sector will have to participate [27].

They recently announced the strategic recommendations for the 2020 plan [28]:

1. Deploy cutting-edge quantum computing infrastructure for research and industry.
2. Launch an ambitions technological development programme.
3. Implement a programme for supporting the development of applications.
4. Create an effective environment for innovation.
5. Deliver a tailored economic security strategy.
6. Establish effective governance.

In January 2021, French President Emmanuel Macron announced a five-year investment plan worth 1.8 billion € ($2.2 billion) in quantum technologies, which he said would put France among “the world’s top three” in this field [29].

Germany

In 2018, the German Federal Government announced a Framework Programme to bring quantum technologies to market. They also allocated 650 million € funding to its quantum technologies Programme [30].

The goals for the programme are:

• To build on Germany’s strong position in quantum physics research and pave the way towards applications using quantum technologies.
• To establish the framework conditions to prepare for new economic opportunities and markets.
• To build a solid basis for a leading role in industrial use of quantum technologies.
• To work with our international partners to ensure the security and autonomy of Germany and Europe in this important future eld
• To inform the population of Germany and involve them in the journey towards a new key technology.

In July 2020, the German government announced a 2 billion € quantum effort, supplementing EU plans for 1 billion € in investment through 2028 [31].

Germany has also received a significant boost to their quantum efforts from IBM, who recently unveiled a new quantum computer in the country. This is IBM’s first quantum computer outside of America, and is also now one of the most powerful in Europe. In 2023, Germany announced a total of 3 billion € ($3.3 billion) action plan for quantum technologies in the development of a universal quantum computer by 2026 [32].

Hungary

In 2018, the Hungarian National Quantum Technology Programme has received a state subsidy of HUF 3.5 billion ($11 million) over a four-year programme period with a focus on activities such as quantum cryptography communication between two points and the execution of quantum bit operations [33].

India

The IISc (Indian Institute of Science) has a dedicated research area for quantum technology. The Initiative on Quantum Technology explores many areas such as: superconducting qubit devices, single photon sources and detectors for quantum communications, integrated photonic quantum networks, and quantum sensors [34].

This year, the Indian government has introduced a NM-QTA (National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications) with a total budget of INR 8000 crores (approximately $1 billion) over a five-year period [35]. Indian Government approved National Quantum Mission at a total cost of INR 6003.65 crores (approximately $735 million), to scale up scientific and industrial R&D, for accelerating Quantum Technology-led economic growth and leverage India into a leading nation in the area [36]. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman stated that a lot of commercial applications are expected to emerge from theoretical constructs developing in this area.

Israel

The QUEST centre (QUantum Entanglement in Science and Technology) has been established in Israel to advance the application of quantum mechanics to both fundamental and applied science [37].

A government panel in Israel is assigning 1.2 billion shekels ($380 million) to a 6-year quantum technology program. The funding will come from the Council of Higher Education, the Defense Ministry’s Research, Arms Development and Technological Infrastructure Administration and academic institutions [38].

One of Google’s R&D centers located in Tel Aviv, Israel, is actively researching quantum computing.  They hinted at a computer chip that, with the power of quantum computing, was able to manage and analyse in one second the amount of data that would take a full day for any supercomputer [39].

As part of the funding, the Israel Innovation Authority and the Ministry of Defence have opened requests from business and universities to partake in a $60 million project to build Israel’s first quantum computer with 30-40 qubits [40].

Italy

Italy has announced its venture into Quantum technologies and strategised a 65-page government plan investing €227.4 million to bolster quantum research, industrial applications, and workforce development. [41]

Japan

The total investment for quantum information science and technology is around ¥30 billion (around $280 million). The main funding agencies have been the Japan Science and Technology Agency, the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and the Cabinet Office of the Government of Japan [42].

For example, the Japanese Government launched the Q-LEAP (Quantum Leap) initiative in 2018 to invest in R&D projects in three fields of quantum technology:

1. Quantum simulation and computation,
2. Quantum sensing,
3. Ultrashort pulse lasers.

New Japanese initiatives have recently been launched in 2018 to advance quantum information science and technology to the next phase.

The Moonshot Project is expected to invest around ¥15-20 billion to achieve its goal of creating a fault-tolerant universal quantum computer by 2050 [43]. In April 2022, a new strategy, named the Vision of Quantum Future Society was formulated by the Japenese government for society’s positive evolution by embedding quantum technology throughout social and economic systems [44].

The Netherlands

In 2019, the Netherlands published a National Agenda on Quantum Technologies with four areas of focus in quantum:

1. Breakthroughs in research and innovation,
2. Ecosystem development, market creation and infrastructure.
3. Human capital: education, knowledge and skills.
4. Societal dialogue on quantum technology.

The Agenda aims to position the Netherlands as a leading international centre and hub for quantum technology.

Many Dutch universities and knowledge institutes are leaders in the field of quantum internet, quantum algorithms, and post-quantum cryptography, thus making The Netherlands a strong player in the field of quantum research [45].

135 million € from six parties will be invested in QuTech, the quantum technology institute of the TU Delft (Delft University of Technology) and TNO (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research)[46].

The Netherlands invested approximately 350 million euro in the quantum field already, excluding the new national initiative. The Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs has also announced that they have allocated 615 million € to Quantum Delta NL in order to aid the advancement of quantum technology [47]. This investment by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs brings the overall investment to around $965 million.

New Zealand

In summer 2021, the New Zealand government made a new investment in the country’s future – $36.75 million funding over the next 7.5 years for the Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies [48].

Norway

The Norwegian government launched a quantum initiative at OsloMet’s quantum hub to present an annual investment of NOK 70 million for research into quantum technology. [76]

Philippines

The Philippines government has announced their quantum technology roadmap to invest ₱860 million ( $17.2 million) by 2030 for developing its own quantum computer, network, simulator, and metrology [49].

Qatar

In recognition of its steadfast commitment to building Qatar’s innovation and technology capacity, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU) has received $10 million grant to fund the establishment of the Qatar Center for Quantum Computing(QC2) [50].

Russia

Russian scientists have been developing cornerstones of quantum technologies for many decades. Quantum research in Russia is supported by both governmental and industrial entities [51].

The Russian government announced in 2019 that it will invest around 50 billion roubles ($663 million) over the next 5 years into basic and applied quantum research carried out at leading Russian laboratories [52].

The investment is part of a 258 billion roubles investment by the Kremlin into research and development of digital technologies [52].

The primary goal of this program is to consolidate ongoing research activities in four sections:

1. Quantum computing and quantum simulation.
2. Quantum communications.
3. Quantum metrology and quantum sensing.
4. Enabling technologies.

Over 120 research experts from leading research institutions are expected to be involved with this program [51]. The Russian government will allocate atleast 100 billion rubles on the development of quantum technologies until 2025 [53]. A new framework is being developed under which the Russian Federation will build quantum computers with 50 to 100 qubits and quantum communication networks with a total length of at least 7 thousand kilometers.

Singapore

In 2007, the Singapore government helped to establish CQT (Centre for Quantum Technologies) that enlists physicists, computer scientists, and engineers to do basic research on quantum physics and to build devices based on quantum phenomena [54].

To date, the Centre’s researchers have published around 2,000 scientific papers, participated in projects winning over S$40 million in grants and established start-up companies. They have also trained over 60 PhD students in quantum technologies [55].

The centre is investing S$25 million over 5 years in a new Quantum Engineering Programme [56]. With the addition of S$96.6 million in the Phase 2 , the National Research Foundation is investing a total of $121.6 million in the Quantum Engineering Programme. Additionally, the programme is committing S$23.5 million to the three platforms for up to 3.5 years to grow the country’s capabilities in quantum computing, quantum-safe communication and the manufacturing of quantum devices [57].

Singapore has announced its National Quantum Strategy (NQS), backed by nearly S$300 million — about $219 million US, adds to the initial S$400 million research and development budget that the National Research Foundation has poured into quantum technology since 2002.[58].

South Africa

Wits University has secured R54 million funding from the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) to co-ordinate and set up the South African Quantum Technologies Initiative (SA QuTI) [59].

South Korea

The new quantum computing research in the Republic of Korea will include:

• Investment of KRW 44.5 billion ($39.7 million) for 5 years to develop core technology of quantum computing and to expand research base.
• Investment of KRW 13.4 billion ($11.9 million) in next-generation ICT technology including ultra-high-performance computing knowledge data convergence, system software, software engineering, information and intelligence systems, and HCI (Human-Computer Interaction) [60].

Through the development of key technologies for quantum computing, the government plans to complete demonstration of a practical five-qubit quantum computer system with more than 90 percent reliability by 2023. Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) announced the “South Korea’s Quantum Science and Technology Strategy” for the quantum leap of the country’s quantum science, technology. South Korea plans to invest over 3 trillion won ($2.33 billion) in quantum science and technology by 2035, aiming to become a global leader in the field [61].

Spain

Spain announced an investment of 60 million € to build a quantum computer through the Quantum Spain project which will contribute towards the creation of a quantum ecosystem in Spain [62].

Sweden

To build broad competence in quantum technology in Sweden, the Wallenberg Center for Quantum Technology (WACQT) in partnership with Swedish Research Council has initiated a decade long research programme with an investment of SEK 1.6 billion ($160 million) supporting the establishment of a national quantum research centre [63]. The research programme is managed and mainly located at Chalmers with a focus in four key areas: quantum computers, quantum sensors, quantum simulators and quantum communications. The other participating universities are KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Lund University.

Switzerland

The Swiss federal government announced an investment of CHF10 million ($11 million) in the Swiss Quantum Initiative (CHQI) in 2023 and 2024, with further significant investment planned in 2025-2028. The Swiss Quantum Initiative is led by the Swiss Quantum Commission to strengthen Switzerland’s leading position in the field of quantum technology [64].

Taiwan

In November 2020, Taiwan announced an investment of NT$8 billion ($282 million) in the development of quantum technology in the coming five years with a view to becoming a tech hub that boasts more than semiconductor manufacturing prowess [65].

Thailand

In Sept 2020, the Thailand’s Minister of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation announced ฿ 200 million ($6 million) to develop quantum technology over eight years [66].

United Kingdom

Over the years, the UK has shown increasing participation in quantum research and development. The UK began its first five-year phase in 2015, and after its success, announced the second five-year phase at the end of 2019.

The first phase consisted of over £385 million investment across several UK government agencies. During this phase, the UK created a vision for its National strategy for quantum technologies:

“To create a coherent government, industry and academic quantum technology community that gives the UK a world-leading position in the emerging multi-billion-pound new quantum technology markets, and to substantially enhance the value of some of the biggest UK-based industries” [67].

The five areas of focus were [68]:

• Enabling a strong foundation of capability in the UK,
• Stimulating applications and market opportunity in the UK,
• Growing a skilled UK workforce,
• Creating the right social and regulatory context,
• Maximising benefit to the UK through international engagement.

By that point, four hubs involving around 30 universities including associated companies and government organisations were established. The four research ‘Hubs’ consisted of research programmes, comprising academics with industry and government partners. They specialised on the known areas of quantum technologies: imaging, ultra-precise sensors, secure communications, and new concepts for quantum computing.

During the first phase, the UK heavily invested time and resources into quantum research to look into developing sensitive gravity detectors, quantum simulators, quantum computers and miniature atomic clocks. The establishment of a National Quantum Computing Centre was announced in 2018. Having recognised the benefits of quantum computing, this centre will be established to help the UK to evaluate, design, develop, and build a practical quantum computer [69].

Since then, investment in quantum technologies in the UK has certainly not taken a downturn, as at the end of 2019, the second phase of quantum research and development began. This phase builds on the first phase by refreshing the research Hubs to revise the agendas based on global, as well as national, developments in the field over the past five years. In June 2019, the UK government announced a further £153 million investment with an industry commitment of £205 million [69]. Furthermore, there is a new focus: industrialisation of quantum technologies.

To date, the UK has invested more than £1billion over the two phases of quantum technologies development [70].

The UK Government has published the National Quantum Strategy, which sets out a ten-year vision and plan for quantum in the UK, committing to spend £2.5 billion to research, innovation, skills and other activities in that period, as well as committing an additional £80 million over the next two years towards key activities [71].

United States of America

From the late 1990s, several funded IC and defense-related programs were initiated by the US government to explore how quantum could aid US National Security [72].

The NQI (National Quantum Initiative Act) was introduced in 2018, with a five year budget of over $1.2 billion. This allows federal government bodies to accelerate the growth of quantum technologies by collaborating with academic institutions and private industry [73].

NQI funding will go to NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), NSF (National Science Foundation), Multidisciplinary Centers for Quantum Research and Education, the Department of Energy Research and National Quantum Information Science Research Centers. The National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee composed of 22 experts from industry, research and federal agencies will meet twice a year to discuss quantum activities [74].

Following a sustained investment in the NQI Program, building upon the establishment of several NQI centers, the Quantum Economic Development Consortium, and new QIS R&D activities, an additional investment of $1.46 billion were reported in the annual budget report of 2023 [75]. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) announced $65 million in funding in quantum computing for 10 projects in September 2024 making the total investment almost close to $5 billion. [77]